The Archeological Museum was built in 1960 by the Ministry of Public Works in order to replace the old museum (built in 1902), which had collapsed during the earthquakes of 1956.
The Museum contains the following collections:

Inscriptions from the Archaic to the Roman period.
Sculpture, ranging from the Archaic to the Roman period. Vases and clay figurines, dating from the Geometric to the Hellenistic periods. Read more
http://santorini-tips.com/Archeological-Museum-Santorini.html

More museums are located aroound the island with high interest for students and people who care about history.

The Prehistoric Thera Museum houses finds from the excavations at Akrtotiri, conducted under the auspices of the Archaeological Society at Athens, the earlier excavations at Potamos, made by members of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens, and rescue excavations at various other sites on the island, carried out by the 21st Ephorate of Antiquities for the Cyclades and Samos, as well as objects discovered fortuitously or handed over. Read more here

http://santorini-tips.com/Akrotiri-Prehistoric-Settlement.html

There is actually a website that offers a lot of info about Santorini.Here is the link

www.santorini-tips.com